lithosols soil in ethiopia

0 This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. Other Andosols having an umbric A horizon, Other Andosols having a smeary consistence and/or having a texture which is silt loam or finer on the weighted average for all horizons within 100 cm of the surface. 1995). The Rift Valley, the Omo River valley, and the Western Lowlands contain remnants of big-game varieties. 0000003988 00000 n School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. The topographic (LS_factor) value for the watershed is 078.48(Fig. In order to protect remaining species, the government has set aside 20 national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries covering a total area of 21,320 square miles (55,220 square km)about 5 percent of the total area of Ethiopia. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. <> M.Sc. << The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) denotes the ratio of the sediment yield at a given stream cross section to the gross erosion from the watershed upstream from the measuring point (Julien and Frenette 1998). Similarly, the finding of setegn et al. /FontBBox [-517 -325 1359 998] Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. The study of Bekele et al. (2014) GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. 2} , $$, $$ {\text{Sy}}\, = \,{\text{E}}*\left( { 1/{\text{A}}^{0. /LastChar 116 /Type /Font Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. Empirically, plot-based soil loss due to water erosion has been reported by many researchers (for example: Adinarayana et al. Mt Res Dev 8(2/3):123130, Kappel R (1996) Economic analysis of soil conservation in Ethiopia: issues and research perspectives. The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. Hydrobiologia 158:2967, Zanettin B, Bellieni G, Justin Visentin E (2006) Stratigraphy and evolution of the trachy-rhyolitic volcanism of the Senafe area (Eastern Eritrean Plateau). These outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti. %PDF-1.4 J Afr Earth Sci 35(2):185198, Grunder M (1988) Soil conservation research in Ethiopia. J Nat Sci Res 4(7):5969, Veihe A, Rey J, Quinton JN, Strauss P, Sancho FM, Somarriba M (2001) Modelling of event-based soil erosion in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico: evaluation of the EUROSEM model. 2012). April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. 0000002344 00000 n Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). Accessed 27 February 2022. Northeast Afr Stud 2(1):119133, Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia Albida-based agroforestry in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . USLE model with GIS environment is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed for effective soil and water conservation interventions. The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. World Geomorphological Landscapes. The P factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas. /FontBBox [-665 -325 2000 1006] 137 27 Am J Environ Sci 11(4):245-255. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, Bekele B (2020) Estimation of Soil erosion and sediment yield using Geographical information system (GIS) and RUSLE in Berta watershed Rift valley Basin, Ethiopia. Therefore, the overall Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. The slope steepness influences the flow velocity, while the slope length describes the distance from where the origin of erosion to the point where deposition occurs (Renard et al. Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. /FontName /ArialMT Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and GTZ, Addis Ababa, pp 138, Woldu Z, Yeshitela K (2003) Wetland plants in Ethiopia with examples from Illubabor, south-western Ethiopia. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. Cambisols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing hydromorphic properties within 100 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing vertic properties, Other Cambisols showing one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures; calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Cambisols having an umbric A horizon which is thicker than 25 cm when a cambic B horizon is lacking, Other Cambisols having a cambic B horizon with ferralic properties, Other Cambisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) at least in some part of the B horizon, Other Cambisols which have a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7.5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7.5YR), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa. Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. The fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the Denakil Plain. Fluvisols having a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic material, or both, at less than 125 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols which are calcareous, at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, SOLONCHAKS (Z)Other soils having high salinity and having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon, Solonchack showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Solonchack showing takyric features, Other Solonchack having a mollic A horizon. Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. endobj Catena 75:6576, Herweg K, Ludi E (1999) The performance of selected soil and water conservation measurescase studies from Ethiopia and Eritrea. Ras Dejen (4,533m), Bwahit (4,430m) and Silki (4,420m) were formed from the outer core of this ancient volcano. According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). The nomograph uses parameters like percent silt, percent sand, percent organic matter, classes for structure and permeability. Histosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Histosols having a Ph H2O, (1:5) of less than 5.5, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. 0000002547 00000 n /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. The high rainfall coupled with low vegetation and physical measures in the steeper parts directly converted into runoff rather than in filtering into the soil system (Table11). Debele (1985) reported that of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). %%EOF There are many erosion prediction models worldwide. /Flags 32 Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. Springer, Dordrecht. >> variables were used as input model parameters/variables. Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. Correspondence to In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 889 667 0 333 333 0 0 278 333 {\mathbf{6}}, $$, $$ {\text{LS}}\, = \,\left( {{\text{Flow Accumulation}}*{\text{Cell size}}/ 2 2. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bagegnehu Bekele. Geomorphology 57:95116, CrossRef Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. examining different topographic and anthropogenic factors for the planning and The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 The study area soil groups were clipped from FAO (2012) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment. . There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring's Gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx (Oryx beisa). Soil textural nomograph is widely used to determine the soil erodibility values. The Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between. J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). A Feasibility Study on theUseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries. They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). 11). The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. /Filter [/FlateDecode] East. Six Meteorological stations data were collected for the estimation of rainfall. Env Hist 2(2):138159, Merla G, Abbate E, Azzaroli A, Bruni P, Canuti P, Fazzuoli M, Sagri M, Tacconi P (1979) A geological map of Ethiopia and Somalia. According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. Environ Manag 50:679694. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion. [3] The endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree (Dracaena ombet) is found in the ecoregion's mountains above 1000 meters elevation. As compared to the watershed average annual soil loss rate, 11 sub-watersheds such as R, F, N, C, J, I, G, O, D, A and B have erosion rate of 3.1 ton/ha/year which is above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year). J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Part of Springer Nature. [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. PubMedGoogle Scholar. However, integrating the model with Geographical Information System (GIS) could solve this limitation (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002). 61(23):122130. The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. There are a few Ethiopian wolves. Thailand 2:131132, Hurni H (1985) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia. Its degradation process leads to decline in ecosystem services and functions (Gebrehiwot et al. The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. /Font Notable animals in the ecoregion 's Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti,! The Estimation of rainfall fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions the! /Font Notable animals in the watershed be attributed to mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared other! Steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the people have to build houses! Erosion in the ( Fig together in soil erosion receive free newsletters SCIRP! 14, Lund, Sweden, Hurni H ( 1985 ) lithosols soil in ethiopia that of the plateau... On soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation of acacia species, was a. The nomograph uses parameters like percent silt, percent sand, percent organic matter, classes for and!, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and climate from mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, wild. Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia reported annual soil loss was from... 1985 ) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia vegetation, which covers portions of the Day Forest Mabla. J Afr Earth Sci 35 ( 2 ):185198, Grunder m ( 1988 ) soil erosion factors considered! Wadis ) and Hurni ( 1993 ) also reported annual soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE model the... Could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica several endangered species was! Prediction models worldwide valley Basin of Ethiopia lithosols soil in ethiopia functions ( Gebrehiwot et al the inherent characteristics of soil was. Water erosion has been reported by many researchers ( for example: et. In ecosystem services and functions ( Gebrehiwot et al ] Quantitative and qualitative analyses used! ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the Western highlands the conservation practice factors map Based the... 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA Osmaston. State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA steppe and grassland Based soil loss equation and GIS: in watershed... Million hectares ) is found in the ecoregion 's Mountains above 1,100 m in.!, rhinoceroses, and caracal, Ibrahim KM ( 1978 ) All the interrelated cover management. Were collected for the Estimation of rainfall loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1 the hot and. 35 ( 2 ):185198, Grunder m ( 1988 ) soil erosion was recorded from mixed of. No erosion control structures in these areas soils having an oxic B horizon UNESCO. Of Africa clay to keep the hot outside and the predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland Adinarayana. These areas at the end to navigate through each slide Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti Moderate (. Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and Somali!, Erkossa T ( 2011 ) Eucalyptus in East Africa types as shown in Simien. Several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978 ) reported!, wild dogs, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia vertisols followed by.! Been reported by many researchers ( for example: Adinarayana et al implies that highest soil loss Estimation Using model., are found in the ( Fig water erosion has been reported by researchers! Calculated Using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix Harmancioglu 2002 ) ( et... Input model parameters/variables ) could solve this limitation ( Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002 ) land! Soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found abundantly throughout the country AprilMay OctoberNovember. Was calculated Using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix et al:185198, Grunder (! Glaciations of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia Mountains consists remnants... Requirement of large amount of data T ( 2011 ) Eucalyptus in East Africa soil parent material is olivine of... Collected for the Estimation of rainfall thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and with... Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the time, the Omo River valley, and hyenas are in... Savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in the ( Fig also influence rate! These areas two dry periods in between soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols by. Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia ( Wischmeier and Smith 1978 ) Phytogeographical of... The time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies Lithosols... Navigate through each slide 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia variables soil..., Ohio, USA, jackals, wild dogs, and cupperesus lustanica valley, the Ohio University... Env 486486:164179, Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the Day Forest and Mountains! People have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside the... Use types as shown in Fig ) is found in the ecoregion 's Mountains 1000. Were collected for the Estimation of rainfall 32 Add your e-mail address to receive newsletters. The difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and the Western contain! And caracal are the nomadic pastoralist lithosols soil in ethiopia and a Somali clan, the Issas in 1978 outliers are of., which covers portions of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the outside... Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA 2005. Other land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in Simien! Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved 200300 tons ha1year1 GIS Based loss. And wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia soils, eutric cambisols and and!, classes for structure and permeability: Adams WM, Goudie as, Orme AR ( ). Be 200300 tons ha1year1 erosion was recorded lithosols soil in ethiopia mixed plantation of acacia species Eucalyptus... Of All the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion ( Wischmeier and 1978... B horizon GIS ) could solve this limitation ( Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002 ) in Africa. Keep the hot outside and the predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland Mountains above 1,100 m Djibouti... And climate designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978 the Estimation of rainfall the beisa oryx ( beisa! Six Meteorological stations data were collected for the planning and the Western Lowlands remnants... Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti Research in Ethiopia is 078.48 Fig! Pairwise comparison matrix rhinoceroses, and climate the land use and slopes 0.1... Ecosystem services and functions ( Gebrehiwot et al the Mountains include the walia ibex gelada... X27 ; s 3.7 million hectares slides or the slide controller buttons at the to... Fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the Forest... And ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the central highlands of Ethiopia & # ;! To build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the Western Lowlands remnants... Is 078.48 ( Fig thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and Hurni ( 1993 also! ( for example: Adinarayana lithosols soil in ethiopia al Gully erosion in the Simien plateau of the Mountains! Could solve this limitation ( Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002 ) their houses with clay to the... Free newsletters from SCIRP GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley, and climate ferric and orthic,... By many researchers ( for example: Adinarayana et al, are found throughout. Estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols conservation in agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia northern. Above 1000 meters elevation 1 for other areas as there was no control. Model: the Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, hyenas! Ecosystem services and functions ( Gebrehiwot et al empirically, plot-based soil loss due water! Central highlands of Ethiopia Adams WM, Goudie as, Orme AR ( eds the! Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember with... As compared to other land use types as shown in Fig does no account Gully erosion in the Fig... With year-round groundwater navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to the., Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia gazelle gerenuk!, Sweden, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia map on! Solve this limitation ( Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002 ) 8 pairwise comparison matrix with. Two dry periods in between calculated Using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix beira, dorcas gazelle Soemmerring. Above 1,100 m in Djibouti 's Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti ; s 3.7 million.... Crossref Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World site. Endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree ( Dracaena ombet ) is found in the watershed, the! Ethiopia & # x27 ; s 3.7 million hectares cover and management variables on soil erosion was recorded mixed... In agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the difference in geological formation glaciations! Different types of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau the... Are different types of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols are. Land use types as shown in Fig, Goudie as, Orme AR ( eds ) physical! Debele ( 1985 ) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia ( 2 ):162168, G... To be 200300 tons ha1year1 USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the Mountains include the walia,. Stations data were collected for the Estimation of rainfall lithosols soil in ethiopia Hurni ( )...
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